![]() ![]() Past medical history: hypertension, coronary artery disease and valvular heart disease (common causes of CHF).Other important areas to cover in the history include: Nocturnal cough with or without the characteristic ‘pink frothy sputum’.Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND): attacks of severe shortness of breath in the night that are relieved by sitting up (pathognomonic for CHF). ![]() Orthopnoea: the patient may be using several pillows to reduce this symptom.Patients with CHF often present with symptoms that have gradually worsened over months to years. Structural: valvular heart disease, septal defects.Infiltration: sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, haemochromatosis.Volume overload: renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic failure.Heart attack: ischaemic heart disease (common cause).Genetic: hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).The acronym HIGH-VIS is useful to remember some of the causes of CHF: High-output cardiac failure occurs in states where demand exceeds normal cardiac output such as pregnancy, anaemia and sepsis. Medications: calcium antagonists, anti-arrhythmics, cytotoxic medication, beta-blockers.Endocrine disease: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, adrenal insufficiency, Cushing’s syndrome.The most common causes of heart failure in the UK are coronary heart disease (myocardial infarction), atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease and hypertension. optimal myocardial contractility (Frank-Starling mechanism)Īs a result, cardiac output (CO) can be reduced by any of the following factors (potentially causing CHF):Ĭardiac output (CO) = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV) Causes of heart failure.You might also be interested in our medical flashcard collection which contains over 2000 flashcards that cover key medical topics. ![]()
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